Over-education In the Ggaduate Labour Market Case Study Of UK Market Essay

Over-education In the Ggaduate Labour Market Case Study Of UK Market - Essay Example This essay declares that there are various reasons that signify why policy maker needs to concern about the fact of over-education especially in recent time. Majority of the worker are leaving their jobs due to lack of job satisfaction and this imposes huge waste on the government. In order to remove the incidence of over-education problem, government, and other policy makers are trying to modify the UK’s labour market structure. They have already started to relate qualification of the future worker with the changing requirements of labour market. The literature on over-education shows that there was an unfavourable effect of the over-education issues on wage. The over educated people deserve higher wage than what they are actually paid. This paper has tried to evaluate the implication of over-education problem among the graduate in the UK’s labour market. Over-education has an impact on both wages and job satisfaction. In order to eliminate or reduce the consequence of over-education problem, the policy maker needs to become more concerned about the problem. In this context, several policies can be suggested here. The government needs to increase the effectiveness of their strategies for creating skill-based jobs and improve the condition of the job market. Further, policy makers can advice workers on the labour market to choose their career option according to their qualifications. In this way, government can take future steps to eliminate the issues of over-education problem.

Causes And Effects Of Global Financial Crisis Economics Essay

Causes And Effects Of Global Financial Crisis Economics Essay Financial crisis is defined as a situation characterized by severe disruptions in the value of financial institutions assets, their access to funding or their clients trust, to the point of endangering the financial systems sustainability (Argandona 2009). This essay will discuss the various likely causes of Global financial crisis and the preventive measures that the UK government could take to avoid or diminish the threats of another crisis. Global economic crisis of 2008 resulted due to some fundamental and undesirable changes that took place in the efficient use of resources in America (Davis 2009, p. 1). According to Davis (2009), some changes that could be easily perceived were breakdown of information technology and the ever increasing globalization across the world. He has discussed in his article, the consequences of emergence of Post Industrial Society in US which led to an increase in unemployment as the largest employers shifted from manufacturing organizations to service industry which later contributed as a cause of credit crunch. The essay will first place the possible causes that led to the downturn in the financial position of the various economies across the world and finally it will talk about the methods that UK government can adopt to prevent itself from the hazards of next financial crisis. The essay concludes that while some countries were largely affected by the impact of crisis in 2008, there remain few countries that managed to overcome the shock and survived because of their policies and the best possible steps taken by them. The IMF remains bedeviled by philosophical disputes about the scale and scope of its lending and crisis related activities. These disputes distract the institution from its role as a global lender of final resort.(Truman 2006b, p. 532) Truman (2008) says that at the time of unfolding of economic crisis, members of International Monetary Fund failed to provide any kind of assistance to the economies that required a short term need for external liquid resources. According to him, one of the various possible causes was macroeconomic policies of several countries across the world that jointly holds the responsibility to a great extent for the crisis. He further commented that easy monetary policies and fiscal policies of countries like US, Japan and others reduced the savings rate of these countries and distorted the balance of the financial system and led to a soaring of global credit and elevated the price of houses. Collateralized debt obligations are bonds ultimately backed by bundle s of loans such as subprime mortgages.(Davis 2009, p. 103) Financial institutions had a good amount of money in the form of foreign exchange reserves so it started lending money to everyone at a very low interest rate (Truman 2008, p. 23) and also to the people who had no capacity to return it back, that is, subprime mortgages came into picture (Davis 2009). After a certain period, when the supply started exceeding demand, housing prices in US began to drop, mortgage holders found that the price or value of their house was less than what they were owing to the banks and so they started defaulting in high numbers and a rise in foreclosures was observed. Emergence of post industrial society, i.e. a shift from manufacturing to service industry in US led to large unemployment. In an effort to improve productivity, companies started cutting down on labour and ultimately small number of skilled labours were left. So the competition for skilled labour increased. With the materialization of defined contribution pension plan, the incentive to stick to a particular company came to an end. And employees started moving from one company to another. This new plan of pension fund led to the growth of mutual fund industry (Davis 2009, p. 31) which resulted in decline in employee attachment with the company and increased participation by financial institutions through mutual funds. Securitization [altered the traditional pattern of banking by] turning assets into securities traded on markets (Davis 2009, p. 35). This way of banking allows the bank to lend more amount of money. One form of securitization was mortgage backed bonds (Davis 2009, p. 35). Deboer (2008, p. 5) says that any commercial bank must have approximately 10% of the total amount of loan issued by it, in its capital assets. Many financial bodies issued mortgage-backed financial derivatives and eventually when the housing prices started falling, the value of mortgage backed securities declined too which in turn started making them bankrupt. Realizing this, banks started issuing small number and small quantity of loans. This strapped the credit situation tightly and thus housing prices started narrowing further. In Eastern Europe, the major reason behind the crisis was short term borrowings (Aslund 2009) from many European banks in large amounts because of the security and safety offered by so many countries in Europe by setting a fixed exchange rate. This led to inflation of prices because high amount of money was flowing in. Also the countries like Ukraine started importing goods on high scale and thus fell short of balance payment it owed to other countries. Lack of administration and regulation of the financial sector is another cause identified by Truman (2008, p.24). He says that the overleveraging of the financial system took place gradually in an exponential rising manner over several years, where poor supervision of the policymakers and the others responsible praised the incredible growth of the economy in its early years when the signs of inflation were not noteworthy. After a period of time, (Truman 2008, p. 24) when the financial institutions were left with no money and had no capacity to fund any further investment, the formation distorted and deleveraging began. He believes that another possible reason that might have had altered the market structure was the poorly understood risk associated with the innovations in the formation of new policies in the financial institutions. Bergsten (2008) says that countries like UK should adopt an economic expansion programme to avoid or surpass the effect of next possible financial crisis. Such programme would involve an effort to increase the domestic demand and thus causing an expansion of the trade in between countries. It also involves reducing the restrictions of trade on the border and inside the country as well. He says the most positive step the leaders of the G-20 could take would be to pledge to adopt fiscal stimulus programs amounting to at least 1 to 2 percent of most of their national economies. Leaders should try to think something creative rather than blaming each other for the crisis. Bergsten (2008) suggests that UK along with other countries must assure a support of at least $500 billion each to enhance the resources of IMF (International Monetary Fund) so that it will accumulate good amount of wealth and pledge to support UK as well as other countries at the time of crisis. He also suggests that an efficient working group needs to be formed within the countries to analyse and supervise financial regulations closely. Financial stability report from Bank of England (2009) states that banks should have sufficient amount of liquid assets to lessen its dependence on short term borrowings for funding non liquid assets. The Tripartite Committee comprising of the Bank of England, FSA (Financial Services Authority) and the treasury was held responsible for the crisis of 2008 by the staff of politics.co.uk (2009) in a report. They say that the Bank of England should be held accountable for macro-economic supervision instead of FSA and that all the three should know their exact roles and responsibilities. The report also suggests steps like developing policies to suppress fluctuations in financial conditions, assigning British authorities to constantly monitor UK branches of multinational banks so that if any new policy is formed by them which might affect the financial status of the co untry in future can be clogged at the right time, increasing the regulations about the capital assets requirement for the bank so that it properly assesses the loan borrower and grant it to him only if he can afford to pay it back. Bergsten (2008) has put forward the idea of a joint work or supervision of the FSA and the Bank. He feels that it would be effective if FSA concentrates on the conduction of the business and Bank focuses on the systemic issues. Amato (2009) expresses his views saying that assets whose value could not be determined were given triple-A ratings by the rating agencies and thus attracted more investors so UK government must ensure that banks dont over rely on the credit ratings (Bank of England 2009). Amato (2009) says protectionism should be removed so that all the companies across the world can trade easily and freely in other countries without any barriers. Recapitalization scheme has been undertaken by UK banks deliberately to raise capital to provide it w ith ample amount of insurance against future threats of crisis. (Bank of England, 2008) CONCLUSION Looking at the various causes, we can conclude that there were different reasons for crisis in different parts of the world. If a country forms strong policies and takes decisions that would be beneficial in the long run, then it might be able to protect itself from the adverse consequences of financial instability. Amato (2009) says that a country needs to form policies keeping in mind not only the benefit of its domestic market but also of the whole world. All the countries should cooperate at the international level and support IMF by all means. Countries like China, Malaysia and some Islamic countries were least affected by crisis because of their strong policies, good supervision and regulations, ability to predict or identify financial fluctuations in advance and resistance to outside worlds financial imbalance. The world has lot to learn from these countries.

greek vase painting Essay -- essays research papers fc

Greek Vase Painting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In modern society, Greek pottery is considered an art which is regarded as much for its aesthetic splendor as its historical significance. However, the role of pottery in ancient Greek culture was far more functional as its primary use was for the transportation and storage of such liquids as water and wine (Encyclopedia Britannica). Due to the durability of the fired clay material, Greek pottery is the only remaining art form that allows us to explore the evolution of this ancient culture. Through that examination, three distinct stylistic periods have been unveiled: Geometric, Orientalizing and Archaic. This analysis will detail these distinct periods as well as three design techniques prevalently used: black figure, red figure and white ground   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first definable period of Greek pottery, Geometric (c. 900-700 BCE), accounts for the majority of ancient vase painting still in existence today; and as such, affords us the broadest view into this art form. The period attributes its name to the geometric forms that artists used to detail their vessels. The primary decorative motifs that distinguish the period include parallel lines, concentric (Metropolitan Museum of Art) rituals as depicted in this Krater from 750 BCE which is characteristic of this era. The primary scene that occupies the widest portion of this particular vase depicts a deceased body placed on its side on a funeral bier surrounded by family members and mourners. The secondary zone below details a procession of horse drawn chariots and soldiers carrying hourglass shields. The illustration of people and animals is both abstract and two-dimensional as artists of the Geometric era regularly used triangular torsos and long thin arms and legs (Stokstad, 160).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second distinct period which originated in Corinth in 700 BCE and spanned one hundred years is now known as the Orientalizing period. This period gets its name from the introduction of Egyptian and Eastern influences on Greek pottery during this time. The impact of foreign styles lead to the introduction of the black-figure technique that has come to epitomize the era. In Black-figure painting, figures and ornaments were drawn in silhouette on the natural clay surface of the vase ... ...des us with a glimpse into the ancient culture using beautiful and detailed designs. The art form has been sustained in fired clay for thousands of years indiscriminately telling its story to the world and to history. Bibliography 1.Chamoux, Francois. The Pallas Library of Art: Greek Art. Greenwich, New York. Graphic Society. 1966. 2. Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York, New York. Harry Abrams, Inc. 2002. 3. â€Å"Black Figure.† http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/CGPrograms/Dict/ASP/OpenDictionary.asp?name black-figure.html 10 November 2004. 4. â€Å"Red Figure.† http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/CGPrograms/Dict/ASP/OpenDictionary.asp?namered- figure.html 10 November 2004. 5. â€Å"Orientalizing.† http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/Pottery/Lecture1/Script/GreekPaintedPottery1.asp 30 September 2004. 6. â€Å"Greek Pottery.† http://www.search.eb.com/search?query=pottery&ct=eb 11 November 2004. 7. â€Å"Greek and Roman Art.† http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/viewHigh.asp?dep=13&full=0&set=3 11 November 2004.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Debt versus Equity Financing Paper Essay

In the accounting industry. funding remains an of import construct. as many organisations are reliant on them for fiscal stableness and length of service. Although there are a overplus of funding options and types to take from. the focal point of the work will go around around debt and equity funding. These two normally used signifiers of funding are of import as they are both alone in how they are utilised. The writer of this piece will turn to these two funding options while supplying illustrations of each and turn toing which capital construction is most advantageous. Debt Financing Debt funding is the procedure of borrowing money from a loaner such as a bank. These fundings option comes in the signifiers of loans both secure and unbarred. â€Å"Security involves a signifier of collateral as an confidence the loan will be repaid. If the debitor defaults on the loan. that collateral is forfeited to fulfill payment of the debt† ( Entrepreneur. 2014. p. 1 ) . In most instances a loaner will inquire for some clip of security on a loan and least frequently times will impart based on name acknowledgment or position. One of the most common beginnings of debt funding is seen within startup concerns where debt funding is frequently provided by friends and household alternatively of commercial loaning establishments. â€Å"When borrowing money from relations or friends. hold your lawyer pull up legal documents ordering the footings of the loan. as formalistic documentation† ( Entrepreneur. 2014. p. 1 ) . Another signifier of debt funding that is most common occurs with recognition cards through a recognition line. Recognition cards are used to supply a manner to concerns to acquire several 1000s of dollars rapidly without traveling through the fusss of acquiring approved for a loan and make fulling out huge sum of paperwork ( Entrepreneur. 2014 ) . Though this method is really popular it is of import to take note that the involvement can roll up if non monitored as this debt can add up rapidly. Equity Financing Unlike debt funding. equity financing involves raising capital through selling portions within the concern. â€Å"Equity financing basically refers to the gross revenues of an ownership involvement to raise financess for concern purposes† ( Investopedia. 2013. p. 1 ) . This signifier of funding does non merely include selling common equity but it besides consists of selling preferable stock. exchangeable preferable stock. and warrants. When a startup company additions success it will achieve equity as it evolves. Since startups attract a huge sum of investors at different phases of the company’s development rhythm. different signifiers of equity are used for the business’s fiscal demands. Convertible stock is comprised out as a loan. which the company is obligated to refund and if company meets the specified benchmark in footings of public presentation. the unpaid balance of that loan is so converted into an equity interest in the concern ( Merritt. 2013 ) . Companies can besides achieve capital by selling portions to investors. â€Å"This allows a company to give up a piece of itself as a manner to raise money to finance growing. Small. in private held companies sell portions to private investors. who so hold equity within the company† ( Merritt. 2013. p. 1 ) . This is one of the quickest manner for obtain capital to finance growing for a concern. particularly if it goes public. Decision Though both of these methods of funding are good for a concern to turn and obtain capital it is of import to admit which of these signifiers are most advantageous. In footings of raising mass sums of money for growing and concern operations. it would be most advantageous to use equity funding within the concern as this provides are manner for the concern to achieve big amounts of money by selling portions. It is of import to observe that maintaining history of the figure portions is of import as the concern needs to guarantee it maintains the bulk of 51 % of more to contradict hostile coup d'etat from rivals and other concerns. At times one funding on either head can look to hold more advantages so the following it is of import the a concern attempts to use both in order to keep balance and control of the concern for optimum success. Mentions Entrepreneur. ( 2014 ) . Debt Financing. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. enterpriser. com/encyclopedia/debt-financing Investopedia. ( 2013 ) . Equity Financing. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. investopedia. com/terms/e/equityfinancing. asp Merritt. C. ( 2013 ) . What Are Examples of Equity Financing? Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //budgeting. thenest. com/examples-equity-financing-23831. hypertext markup language

A business plan for Mr. Rentals

This is a business plan of the company called Mr. Rentals that started in 199, founded by Glen and Kerrianne Hickman and is based in Perth Western Australia in a suburb called Balcatta. The business is about renting appliances and electronics and house goods such as VCRs and TVs from their stores for a particular period of time. (Mr. Rental, n.d.).The pricing techniques that the company should use must depend on the demand for the electronic appliances in the area they are operating. Furthermore, they should also consider the brand and the model of the appliance they are renting and depending on that they should set the price at which it should be rented.Moreover, they must also consider the price of that particular appliance at which it is being sold in the market. This is because if they will charge a higher price to the customers, firstly their market would decline. Secondly, if the appliances would be available to the customers on high rates, they would prefer saving some money a nd buying the appliance themselves.The prices of the company are charging for its rentals vary from the range of the products that they offer and also on the number of days or months for which the customer wants to hire the appliance. Under the kitchen items, Mr. Rentals offers freezers, fridges and microwaves. The freezers available are large and medium chest freezers and upright freezers that cost $11, $9 and $ 13 per week. The company offers medium, larger, extra large and bar fridges that cost $13, $15, $19 and $8 per week while the microwave is available at $ 6 per week.Under the lounge items comes audio, DVD and VCRs, game consoles, set top boxes, TVs and TV stands. The prices of these items vary from home theater system for $14 and stereos for $10 while DVD players for $3, DVD recorder for $11, DVD and VCRs combo for $6 and VCRs for $2 per week.Under game consoles the play station 2 is for $7, PS3 for $23 and Xbox 360 for $16.   106cm LCD TVs for $30, 106cm Plasma TV for $3 5, 51cm flat screen TV for $5, 66cm LCD TV for $20, 68cm flat screen TV for $20 and 81cm LCD TV for $23, TV units for $5 and set top boxes for $6. Under laundry items are dyers and washers. Dryers are available at $8 and washing machines from $10 to $16.Under the office items come computers, data projectors, printers and desks. The computers are available at the prices ranging from $23 to $33, data projectors are for $150 and printers for $6 and desks for $5.To promote its business, Mr. Rentals should use an advertising and promotional strategy and it would be best if the company advertisers in magazines that are related to females or whose target market are the household women. Furthermore, they can also advertise in the magazines that are famous amongst the bachelors. This could bring attention of the prospective customers and they would get to know more about the offerings of the company.Besides that, Mr. Rentals can also develop promotional literature such as flyers, catalogues,   leaflets,  free samples,  ad newspaper,  etc. Other than this, Mr. Rentals can use search engine tools to drive traffic to their website, EZ-Mail list, EZ-Affiliate tools, EZ-Hit counter tools, etc. The best time to do these promotional activities is when the demand of the items is the most. For instance, there is a higher demand for the laundry items in the summers because children go out to play in summers and dirty their clothes and same is with the elders.The demand of the game consoles, lounge items such as TVs, VCRs and audio systems is most during the vacations. The demand for the kitchen items such as fridge and freezers is also higher in the summers therefore they should be promoted in the summers more than in winters or in any other season.Doing the SWOT analysis would give a clear view of the strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats of the company. Mr. Rentals promises free delivery within 24 hours that saves time of the customers and the company also has the offers online facility to place orders after which the company delivers, installs as well as demonstrates the appliance without any charges. Mr. Rentals also offers free services for the customers if they might have any complain or they might want any repairs or replacement of the appliance to be done.  Moreover, the company offers flexible agreement terms that can serve the customers well along with easy payments with several options such as direct debit, centre pay or credit card facilities. Mr. Rentals has the latest appliances available and they give the facility of up gradation to its customer with great package deals. These are all the strengths of the company and the company can benefit from it by maintaining this and also by adding some more facilities for the company.Weaknesses for the company can be types of deals it provides. If the company does not offer a wide range of deals or they do not have the brands available that suit the customers the most, their market wo uld decline.Therefore, sue to the competition existing in the market, they must ensure that they keep all the latest appliances in their stores. Opportunities for the company would be the deals that it offers. It must offer more and more interesting deals to attract the customers. However, a threat for Mr. Rentals would be the decreasing prices in the home appliances. If the electronic appliances manufactured by the companies are of lower prices, the demand for renting appliances would greatly reduce as people would prefer to buy the electronics instead.The results of the market research produced from the primary and secondary resources show that Mr. Rentals is quite popular amongst the customers. The primary data used is the company’s data that was available in the company and its website. Moreover, market research done through the surveys and questionnaires used tells about the likeliness of the customers for the electronic appliances and the deals offered by the company.Th e list of the products that the company is willing to sell is mentioned above in the paper. They basically deal with four categories of electronic appliance i.e. the kitchen, lounge, office and laundry items. The target needs of the company are realistic, achievable and sufficient to make a profit.To attract the target market, Mr. Rentals have a very good option of making allowance for seasonal factors such as in summers or during the holidays when there is a higher demand of laundry items in the summers and lounge items during the vacations. During such seasonal periods, the business can work to full operation.ReferencesMr. Rental. (n.d.).   Wanna read a bit about Mr. Rental’s History? October 27, 2008. Retrieved from: http://www.mrrental.com.au/home/index.php?id=32