Islamic Militant Groups Of Al Queda Hijacked Four...

Thum 1 Introduction On September eleventh 2001, 19 terrorist associated with the Islamic militant group of al Queda hijacked four airliners and carried out suicide attacks against the United States. Two of these four planes were flown into the World Trade Center located in New York City, the third plane was flown directly into the pentagon located outside the Washington D.C. area, the fourth and final plane crash landed in a field located in Pennsylvania. These attacks have since been referred to as the 9/11 attacks. The attack on American soil caused such uproar and outrage from the American people, the people called for answers as to why this happened and who did it. Who had caused these atrocious attacks that resulted†¦show more content†¦The collision caused a massive explosion that showered burning debris over surrounding buildings and the streets below. America was under attack.† These initiatives have changed the way that Americans have lived causing a greater rise i n the need for safety and security. But it also brings up many controversies surrounding it as personal freedoms and Thum 2 freedom of privacy. In this paper I hope to prove that the steps taken by the government are needed, but only to certain extents as to not topple any freedoms that the American people have. The attacks â€Å"The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Saudi Arabia and several other Arab nations. Reportedly financed by Saudi fugitive Osama bin Laden’s al-Qaeda terrorist organization, they were allegedly acting in retaliation for America’s support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War and its continued military presence in the Middle East. Some of the terrorists had lived in the United States for more than a year and had taken flying lessons at American commercial flight schools. Others had slipped into the country in the months before September 11 and acted as the â€Å"muscle† in the operation. The 19 terrorists easily smuggled box-cutters and knives through security at three East Coast airports and boarded four flights bound for California,

Martin Luther King Rhetorical Analysis - 1098 Words

The Art of Persuasion A determinate of how effective a piece is can be recognized by how the piece affects the intended audience in the long run. In the sermon â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† by Jonathan Edwards and â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King Jr, both authors use several different effective rhetorical methods to convey their messages to the audience. Edwards (one of the best speakers in his time) and King (one of the most influential Civil Rights activists) both use these methods in an effective way. King and Edwards both use different methods to convey their messages, but it is important to analyze what one is the most effective on the intended audience. You must analyze how Edwards uses direct addressing†¦show more content†¦The use of direct addressing makes the audience face the accusations Edwards is telling them which cause them to convert and become fully devoted to Puritanism. In addition to direct addressing, Edwards also uses fear in his sermon. He talks about how â€Å"It is nothing but his mere pleasure that keeps you from being this moment swallowed up in everlasting destruction.†(Edwards 7). By using an angry tone, Edwards scares them into becoming fully devoted to Puritanism. He also uses the example of the purest person you know. In the example he explains how even the purest person you know still sins. This causes them to become a full Puritan. This scares the audience into thinking that if that pure person sins, then they definitely are and have to convert to full Puritanism as soon as possible. The methods Edwards uses leads to the overall effect of the sermon. The use of direct addressing and fear force caused the audience to convert and become fully devoted to Puritanism. Hundreds of citizens converted to the religion after Edwards’ sermon showing how he is very influential to the citizens in his time. To be able to analyze King’s letter effectively, we must know the information behind it. King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. His father and grandfather were both ministers, which made it inevitable that he became one too. King became the face of the Civil Rights movement and won the Nobel PeaceShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Rhetorical Analysis806 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s Speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† Likita M. 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Aristotle first categorized these appeals based on logic (logos), ethics (ethos), and emotion (pathos). Most strong arguments have a balance of all three appeasl, although logos has proven to be more essen tial than the other two for a valid argument. In the same way theseRead MoreMartin Luther King Rhetorical Analysis1260 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. advocates for non-violence throughout much of his â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail.† However, he uses the extremist behavior of the black nationalists as a way to threaten the â€Å"white moderates† into siding with him on the issue of Civil Rights with the idea that he is the most moderate and sensible person leading the fight for equality. How can King justify using others’ violence to argue for nonviolence? 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First of the speaker Martin Luther KingRead MoreA Rhetorical Analysis Of Dr. Martin Luther King On The Church1256 Words   |  6 PagesA Rhetorical Analysis: Dr. King on the Church Missionary and Professor Charles Porter vocalizes a profound point during a lecture, â€Å"The only person who justifies us is Jesus.† This speaks measures regarding the Church and their responsibility to uphold justice. As people who claim to follow Jesus, the Church should be leading the charge against injustice. However, in the past century it failed to act upon the injustice of segregation. Analyzing Letter from Birmingham Jail, it becomes clear thatRead MoreMartin Luther King Letter Rhetorical Analysis710 Words   |  3 PagesIn a letter by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the civil rights leader uses various rhetorical devices to justify his actions for the nonviolent actions. His primary audience throughout the letter was to the clergymen who made accusations against Dr. King. He justifies his cause and argues the necessity of immediate action using rhetorical appeals such as ethos, pathos and logos. By using these various devices, Dr. King can gain the support needed for the Civil War Movement from his audience. Read MoreThe Rhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.1139 Words   |  5 Pagesuse rhetorical devices and strategies to get their point across and try to convince the reader to believe in their perspective. It can also be used to get emotions from its readers, but that isn’t really the whole point of persuading someone. For instance, Martin Luther King Jr. uses an abundance of pathos in order to make the reader or clergymen feel sympathy towards the black people. Along with pathos, he uses logos and a bundle of hypophora. In order to obtain the goal of persuasion, Martin LutherRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr847 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr and The Civil Rights Movement Martin Luther King Jr was a protestor who became the most important spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement.  He was a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) and in 1954, he decided to take a position as a preacher at Dexter Avenue Church in Montgomery, Alabama. King felt as though it was his moral duty to help the civil rights movement which is why he planned many activities that will help

Endangered species 3 Essay Example For Students

Endangered species 3 Essay Endangered Species All over the world there are species of animals and plants that are said to be endangered. By calling them endangered, scientists say that they think the species will become extinct if something isnt done about them. Many more species are now threatened with extinction than ther should be because of many reasons. A species becomes endangered when there are fewer and fewer individuals of the species each year. There are many endagered species like the majestic Siberian tiger or the fascinating Polar Bear, which one day might be extinct and we may never see it again. There are two different kinds of causes that drastically cut Down the number of these endangered species:Direct CausesDirect Causes is when the animals are purposely hunted, trapped, fished, whaled, or seled to extinction. Hunting for sport has been responsible for endangering such animals as the Polar Bear and the Siberian Tiger. But the endangerment of most species that are hunted or trapped today results mainly of commercial activities. Among the animals that have become endangered for commercial reasons are several species of whales, including the enormous Blue Whale; many of the spotted cats, such as the Cheetah; and some kinds of Alligators, Crocodiles, lizards, and snakes. the Whales have been kiled for their oil, the cats for their furs, and the reptiles for their skins. For the most part, these animals arenow protectedby law, either undr international agreement or by local laws. Animals may also be killed when they interfere wiyh human activity. Wolves became endangered beca use they preyed on livestock. they were hunted and trapped by livestock holders in such large numbers,that they disapeared from most parts of the world where they once lived. Sometimes killing one species affects the population of another. Ranchers in the United states poisined prairie dogs because these rodents ate the grass and made burrows under land that was wanted for cattle. By killing prairie dogs, the ranchers caused the total extinction of the black-footed ferret. Indirect CausesThe major indirect cause of endangement to animals throughput the world is the loss of a place to live. As the humane population increases : more land is needed for homesited, for the growing of crops, and fpr yeilding the minerals and fuels that people need. Many animals that live in the great forest, such as the monkeys of the Amazon Basin in South America and the lemurson theh island of Madagascon in the indian ocean are disappearing fast. They are not disappearing because they are being killed but because the trees that provide their and shelter are being cut down for lumber and for space to grow crops. In central Africa the mountain gorilla is presently endangered because its forest home is being cut down. The same is true for the Asian ape and orangutan. Another indirect cause of endagerment has come from chemical poisining of the enviorment. When the chemical DDT was widley used in the U.S to control pests, it washed off the plants to the soil and then into streama, rivers, and oceans. There it was taken up with food by tiny sea animals.When fish ate these animals, they, too, accumalated the poisin in their systems. And when birds such as osprey, bald eagles, and pelicans ate the fish, the chemicals affected the eggs laid by these birds. They began to produce eggs with shells so thin that they broke when the parents sat on them to keep them warm. Some birds stopped laying eggs completely. Problem Solving (school dress code) EssayOther poisins such as mercury, which is used in agriculture and industry, and polychlorinated biphenyls, knowmas PcBs, have found their way into oceans. There they are taken in

Poster Graphics Essays - Modern Art, French Art, Posters

Poster Graphics The 1890's was the beginning of the first poster graphics. Not only have these posters been seen as advertisements but they are also looked upon as works of art. Two excellent examples of different work done during this period are Alphonse Mucha's Lorenzaccio (1898) and Henri Toulouse- Lautrec's Jardin de Paris (1893). Each poster is equally exquisite in it's line, style, color, composition, and perspective. Alphonse Mucha was born in 1860 and traveled to Paris in 1890. He designed posters in the fashionable "Byzantine" style of ornamentation. In Mucha's Lorenzaccio this can clearly be seen. The poster is a cropped image in the vertical "pillar" style with elaborate ornamentation through out. There is written word on the top and bottom as typical of many of his works. By the writing around the figure we can see that the poster was intended to be made for Sarah Bernhardt. The poster exhibits intricate, flowing line with sharp outlines. The active, curvilinear line dominates the picture. It's dramatic, decorative design can be seen through the dragon that looks straight into our eyes. There are distinct monochromatic colors of green, brown and red. Lorenzaccio is a heavily detailed, two dimensional poster with no middle ground. The subject is off in thought in the poster. The clothing she is wearing particularly adds to the active line. The background is extremely decorative. Altogether the poster is created with a compartmentalized composition. I would characterize Mucha's work in the Art Nouveau style because of his use of decorative style with simplified forms. His sharp, curvilinear line; full color tones, and Cloisonisme composition add to the stylistic qualities. However, I believe that Henri Toulouse- Lautrec's Jardin de Paris is especially well designed as the use of a poster and work of art. I prefer this poster better because of its different approach to advertising in a clear, eye catching way, and its use of distortion for effect. Much of Lautrec's style comes from Cheret from the English Arts and Crafts movement. The impact of Lautrec's work can also be seen through other artists as Pablo Picasso in his The Blue Room (1901). His subject, which he used many times in his work, is Jane Avril. In this poster we see her as the orchestra member would. Lautrec creates her as a broad silhouette with a face that looks tired and unhappy. Jardin de Paris is unique in that the flowing form of the orchestra member brings us up to the picture where the distinct color is used on the dancer. Lautrec uses bright red and yellow to accentuate her, and uses gray and black for the rest of the composition. He uses simplified forms with distinct, dark outlines. In this work, like Mucha's, there are two dimensional, Cloisonisme qualities created in a vertical "pillar" form. The asymmetrical objects help to create the foreground/ background qualities. The instrument works as a carrier for our eyes to move back and forth from the foreground and background. The orchestra member also creates an exiting "picture frame" around Jane Avril. The use of angular lines draw the viewers eye to and fro. This can be seen in the angle of the instrument, the backstage, and particularly how the dancer's is bent. Altogether this is a very bold and striking work. I believe Jardin de Paris to be from the English Arts and Crafts movement because of its emphasis on flat figures, simplified forms and sharp outlines. Both posters exhibit stylistic qualities from both the English Arts and Crafts movement, Art Nouveau and a little Japonisme.

Overview of the Poem Beowulf

Overview of the Poem Beowulf Below is a summary of all the events that transpire in the Old English epic poem, Beowulf. Beowulf is considered the oldest surviving  poem in the English language.   A Kingdom in Peril The story begins in Denmark with King Hrothgar, the descendant of the great Scyld Sheafson and a successful ruler in his own right. To display his prosperity and generosity, Hrothgar built a magnificent hall called Heorot. There his warriors, the Scyldings, gathered to drink mead, receive treasures from the king after a battle, and listen to scops sing songs of brave deeds. But lurking nearby was a hideous and brutal monster named Grendel. One night when the warriors were sleeping, sated from their feast, Grendel attacked, butchering 30 men and wreaking devastation in the hall. Hrothgar and his Scyldings were overwhelmed with sorrow and dismay, but they could do nothing; for the next night Grendel returned to kill again. The Scyldings tried to stand up to Grendel, but none of their weapons harmed him. They sought the help of their pagan gods, but no help was forthcoming. Night after night Grendel attacked Heorot and the warriors who defended it, slaying many brave men, until the Scyldings ceased fighting and simply abandoned the hall each sunset. Grendel then began attacking the lands around Heorot, terrorizing the Danes for the next 12 years. A Hero Comes to Heorot Many tales were told, and songs are sung of the horror that had overtaken Hrothgars kingdom, and word spread as far as the kingdom of the Geats (southwest Sweden). There one of King Hygelacs retainers, Beowulf, heard the story of Hrothgars dilemma. Hrothgar had once done a favor for Beowulfs father, Ecgtheow, and so, perhaps feeling indebted, and certainly inspired by the challenge of overcoming Grendel, Beowulf determined to travel to Denmark and fight the monster. Beowulf was dear to Hygelac and the elder Geats, and they were loath to see him go, yet they did not hinder him in his endeavor. The young man assembled a band of 14 worthy warriors to accompany him to Denmark, and they set sail. Arriving at Heorot, they petitioned to see Hrothgar, and once inside the hall, Beowulf made an earnest speech requesting the honor of facing Grendel, and promising to fight the fiend without weapons or shield. Hrothgar welcomed Beowulf and his comrades and honored him with a feast. Amidst the drinking and camaraderie, a jealous Scylding named Unferth taunted Beowulf, accusing him of losing a swimming race to his childhood friend Breca, and sneering that he had no chance against Grendel. Beowulf boldly responded with the gripping tale of how he not only won the race but slew many horrible sea-beasts in the process. The Geats confident response reassured the Scyldings. Then Hrothgars queen, Wealhtheow, made an appearance, and Beowulf vowed to her that hed slay Grendel or die trying. For the first time in years, Hrothgar and his retainers had cause to hope, and a festive atmosphere settled over Heorot. Then, after an evening of feasting and drinking, the king and his fellow Danes bid Beowulf and his companions good luck and departed. The heroic Geat and his brave comrades settled down for the night in the beleaguered mead-hall. Though every last Geat followed Beowulf willingly into this adventure, none of them truly believed they would see home again. Grendel When all but one of the warriors had fallen asleep, Grendel approached Heorot. The door to the hall swung open at his touch, but rage boiled up within him, and he tore it apart and bounded inside. Before anyone could move, he grabbed one of the sleeping Geats, rent him into pieces and devoured him, slurping his blood. Next, he turned to Beowulf, raising a claw to attack. But Beowulf was ready. He sprang up from his bench and caught Grendel in a fearsome grip, the like of which the monster had never known. Try as he might, Grendel could not loosen Beowulfs hold; he backed away, growing afraid. In the meantime, the other warriors in the hall attacked the fiend with their swords; but this had no effect. They couldnt have known that Grendel was invulnerable to any weapon forged by man. It was Beowulfs strength that overcame the creature; and though he struggled with everything he had to escape, causing the very timbers of Heorot to shudder, Grendel could not break free from the grip of Beowulf. As the monster weakened and the hero stood firm, the fight, at last, came to a horrific end when Beowulf ripped Grendels entire arm and shoulder from his body. The fiend fled, bleeding, to die in his lair in the swamp, and the victorious Geats hailed Beowulfs greatness. Celebrations With the sunrise came joyous Scyldings and clan chiefs from near and far. Hrothgars minstrel arrived and wove Beowulfs name and deeds into songs old and new. He told a tale of a dragon slayer and compared Beowulf to other great heroes of ages past. Some time was spent considering the wisdom of a leader placing himself in danger instead of sending younger warriors to do his bidding. The king arrived in all his majesty and made a speech thanking God and praising Beowulf. He announced his adoption of the hero as his son, and Wealhtheow added her approval, while Beowulf sat between her boys as if he were their brother. In the face of Beowulfs grisly trophy, Unferth had nothing to say. Hrothgar ordered that Heorot be refurbished, and everyone threw themselves into repairing and brightening the great hall. A magnificent feast followed, with more stories and poems, more drinking and good fellowship. The king and queen bestowed great gifts on all the Geats, but especially on the man who had saved them from Grendel, who received among his prizes a magnificent golden torque. As the day drew to a close, Beowulf was led off to separate quarters in honor of his heroic status. Scyldings bedded down in the great hall, as they had in the days before Grendel, now with their Geat comrades among them. But although the beast that had terrorized them for more than a decade was dead, another danger lurked in the darkness. A New Threat Grendels mother, enraged and seeking revenge, struck while the warriors slept. Her attack was barely any less terrible than those of her son had been. She grabbed Aeschere, Hrothgars most valued advisor, and, crushing his body in a deadly grip, she raced away into the night, snatching the trophy of her sons arm before she escaped. The attack had happened so quickly and unexpectedly that both the Scyldings and the Geats were at a loss. It soon became clear that this monster had to be stopped, and that Beowulf was the man to stop her. Hrothgar himself led a party of men in pursuit of the fiend, whose trail was marked by her movements and Aescheres blood. Soon the trackers came to the ghastly swamp, where dangerous creatures swam in a filthy viscous fluid, and where Aescheres head lay on the banks to further shock and appall all who beheld it. Beowulf armed himself for an underwater battle, donning finely-woven mail armor and a princely golden helm that had never failed to thwart any blade. Unferth, no longer jealous, lent him a battle-tested sword of great antiquity called Hrunting. After requesting that Hrothgar take care of his companions should he fail to defeat the monster, and naming Unferth as his heir, Beowulf plunged into the revolting lake. Grendels Mother It took hours for Beowulf to reach the lair of the fiends. He survived many attacks from awful swamp creatures, thanks to his armor and his swift swimming skill. At last, as he neared the monsters hiding place, she sensed Beowulfs presence and dragged him inside. In the firelight the hero beheld the hellish creature, and wasting no time, he drew Hrunting and dealt her a thunderous blow to her head. But the worthy blade, never before bested in battle, failed to harm Grendels mother. Beowulf tossed the weapon aside and attacked her with his bare hands, throwing her to the ground. But Grendels mother was swift and resilient; she rose to her feet and gripped him in a horrible embrace. The hero was shaken; he stumbled and fell, and the fiend pounced upon him, drew a knife and stabbed down. But Beowulfs armor deflected the blade. He struggled to his feet to face the monster again. And then something caught his eye in the murky cave: a gigantic sword that few men could wield. Beowulf seized the weapon in a rage, swung it fiercely in a wide arc, and hacked deep into the monsters neck, severing her head and toppling her to the ground. With the death of the creature, an uncanny light brightened the cave, and Beowulf could take stock of his surroundings. He saw Grendels corpse and, still raging from his battle; he hacked off its head. Then, as the toxic blood of the monsters melted the blade of the awesome sword, he noticed piles of treasure; but Beowulf took none of it, bringing back only the hilt of the great weapon and Grendels head as he began his swim back. A Triumphant Return So long had it taken for Beowulf to swim to the monsters lair and defeat her that the Scyldings had given up hope and gone back to Heorot- but the Geats stayed on. Beowulf hauled his gory prize through water that was clearer and no longer infested with horrible creatures. When he finally swam to shore, his cohorts greeted him with unrestrained joy. They escorted him back to Heorot; it took four men to carry Grendels severed head. As might be expected, Beowulf was hailed once more as a great hero upon his return to the splendid mead-hall. The young Geat presented the ancient sword-hilt to Hrothgar, who was moved to make a serious speech exhorting Beowulf to be mindful of how fragile life could be, as the king himself knew all too well. More festivities followed before the great Geat could take to his bed. Now the danger was truly gone, and Beowulf could sleep easy. Geatland The next day the Geats made ready to return home. More gifts were bestowed upon them by their grateful hosts, and speeches were made full of praise and warm feelings. Beowulf pledged to serve Hrothgar in any way he might need him in the future, and Hrothgar proclaimed that Beowulf was fit to be king of the Geats. The warriors sailed off, their ship filled with treasure, their hearts full of admiration for the Scylding king. Back in Geatland, King Hygelac greeted Beowulf with relief and bid him to tell him and his court everything of his adventures. This the hero did, in detail. He then presented Hygelac with all the treasures Hrothgar and the Danes had bestowed upon him. Hygelac made a speech recognizing how much greater a man Beowulf had proven himself to be than any of the elders had realized, though they had always loved him well. The King of the Geats bestowed a precious sword on the hero and gave him tracts of land to govern. The golden torque Beowulf had presented him would be around Hygelacs neck the day he died. A Dragon Awakes Fifty years went by. The deaths of Hygelac and his only son and heir meant that the crown of Geatland passed to Beowulf. The hero ruled wisely and well over a prosperous land. Then a great peril awoke. A fleeing slave, seeking refuge from a hard master, stumbled upon a hidden passageway that led to the lair of a dragon. Sneaking quietly through the sleeping beasts treasure hoard, the slave snatched a single jewel-encrusted cup before escaping in terror. He returned to his lord and proffered his find, hoping to be reinstated. The master agreed, little knowing what price the kingdom would pay for his slaves transgression. When the dragon woke up, it knew instantly it had been robbed, and it vented its fury on the land. Scorching crops and livestock, devastating homes, the dragon raged across Geatland. Even the kings mighty stronghold was burnt to a cinder. The King Prepares to Fight Beowulf wanted revenge, but he also knew he had to stop the beast to ensure the safety of his kingdom. He refused to raise an army but prepared for battle himself. He ordered a special iron shield to be made, tall and able to withstand the flames, and took up his ancient sword, Naegling. Then he gathered eleven warriors to accompany him to the lair of the dragon. Upon discovering the identity of the thief whod snatched the cup, Beowulf pressed him into service as a guide to the hidden passageway. Once there, he charged his companions to wait and watch. This was to be his battle and his alone. The old hero-king had a foreboding of his death, but he pressed onward, courageous as always, to the dragons lair. Over the years, Beowulf had won many a battle through strength, through skill, and through perseverance. He was still possessed of all these qualities, and yet, victory was to elude him. The iron shield gave way too soon, and Naegling failed to pierce the dragons scales, though the power of the blow he dealt the creature caused it to spew flame in rage and pain. But the unkindest cut of all was the desertion of all but one of his thanes. The Last Loyal Warrior Seeing that Beowulf had failed to overcome the dragon, ten of the warriors who had pledged their loyalty, who had received gifts of weapons and armor, treasure, and land from their king, broke ranks and ran to safety. Only Wiglaf, Beowulfs young kinsman, stood his ground. After chastising his cowardly companions, he ran to his lord, armed with shield and sword, and joined in the desperate battle that would be Beowulfs last. Wiglaf spoke words of honor and encouragement to the king just before the dragon attacked fiercely again, flaming the warriors and charring the younger mans shield until it was useless. Inspired by his kinsman and by thoughts of glory, Beowulf put all his considerable strength behind his next blow; Naegling met the dragons skull, and the blade snapped. The hero had never had much use for edged weapons, his strength so overpowering that he could easily damage them; and this happened now, at the worst possible time. The dragon attacked once more, this time sinking its teeth into Beowulfs neck. The heros body was soaked red with his blood. Now Wiglaf came to his aid, running his sword into the dragons belly, weakening the creature. With one last, great effort, the king drew a knife and drove it deep into the dragons side, dealing it a death blow. The Death of Beowulf Beowulf knew he was dying. He told Wiglaf to go into the dead beasts lair and bring back some of the treasure. The young man returned with heaps of gold and jewels and a brilliant gold banner. The king looked at the riches and told the young man that it was a good thing to have this treasure for the kingdom. He then made Wiglaf his heir, giving him his golden torque, his armor, and helm. The great hero died by the gruesome corpse of the dragon. A huge barrow was built on the headland of the coast, and when the ashes from Beowulfs pyre had cooled, the remains were housed inside it. Mourners bewailed the loss of the great king, whose virtues and deeds were extolled that none might ever forget him.

Is AP Biology Hard An Expert Discussion

Is AP Biology Hard An Expert Discussion SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips AP Biology is a popular AP class, and many students are curious about the challenges it presents. Is AP Biology hard? Will you spend hours upon hours studying for the class? Are you likely to fail the exam? Or are AP tests much easier than they seem? In this article, I’ll look at statistics, course material, and student perceptions to present you with a clear picture of the difficulty level of the class and exam. I'll also give you some tips to help you figure out how challenging AP Biology will be for you based on your academic strengths and weaknesses. What Factors Go Into Determining the Difficulty of an AP Class? There are a few indicators we can look at to make judgments about how hard a particular AP class might be. Here's a list of key considerations that I'll explore in more detail for the AP Biology course later in this article. Factor #1: Passing Rate The passing rate for an AP class is the percentage of students who earn a 3 or above on the exam. If the passing rate is on the lower side, it may indicate a more difficult class. However, the passing rate can also be a deceptive statistic. Sometimes, passing rates in the most difficult subjects are very high because only the most dedicated students take the class. A smaller pool of more serious students will be a better-prepared group overall. Factor #2: 5 Rate The 5 rate is potentially a better metric for determining the difficulty of AP classes. The 5 rate is the percentage of students who earn 5s (the highest possible score) on the AP test for the class. If the 5 rate is on the lower side, it may indicate that the material is more difficult to master (or even to understand reasonably well, since the 5 cutoff is around 70 percent correct on many AP tests). A low 5 rate also sometimes happens with very popular classes because the proportion of students who are prepared for an AP test tends to decrease as the number of students taking it increases. Factor #3: Content Difficulty The complexity of the curriculum is one of the most important factors that goes into determining the difficulty of an AP class. This essentially boils down to the amount of material the course covers and how advanced that material is. Some courses have high 5 and passing rates because their content is extremely challenging and only very driven students will take them, not because they are easy classes. Factor #4: Student Testimonials What do students say about the class? This can change from high school to high school, but there should be some consistency based on the fact that everyone is supposed to be learning the same curriculum, and everyone ends up taking the same test. Student feedback can provide more information about the day to day challenges of the class and whether the workload is especially daunting. Factor #5: Timing of the Class A final factor to consider is which year of high school students tend to take the class. The classes that students take later in high school will be more difficult overall though some students may perceive them as being easier than other AP classes that they took when they had less experience. The reverse is true of classes that students take earlier in high school. If you are one of the lucky few to earn a 5, you should get one of these candles, put it in a cake, and eat the entire thing by yourself. Only then will you truly possess the top score. What Do Statistics Say About the AP Biology Exam? Let’s take a look at the passing rate and the 5 rate for the AP Biology exam. The passing rate for the AP Biology exam in 2018 was 61.5 percent. This is a middle-of-the-road passing rate as compared to other AP exams, so we would assume from it that the AP Biology exam has a medium level of difficulty. The 5 rate, however, was only 7.2 percent. This is one of the lowest 5 rates out of all the AP exams. From the 5 rate, we would assume AP Biology to be a very difficult test. What’s actually going on here? Based on these statistics, is the AP Biology exam medium-difficulty or very challenging? We have to keep in mind that AP Biology is one of the more popular AP classes. This means that a large number of students take the class, which tends to increase the proportion of students who are underprepared for the test. Still, the 5 rate is so low that it can’t be completely attributed to the volume of students. It's clearly very challenging to get a high score on the test even if most students pass, so from this we can assume that the exam is difficult. Behold, statistics. Is the AP Biology Content Difficult? There’s no question that the breadth of content covered in AP Biology is extensive. It requires memorization of complex processes along with a deep understanding of how biological concepts and themes connect with one another. There are also many lab assignments that teachers have to schedule around lectures, so it ends up being a heavy workload overall. The AP Biology exam could also be considered more challenging than other AP tests because of its format. The multiple choice section also includes six â€Å"grid-in† math problems related to biological concepts. The free response section has eight questions (two long response and six short response), which is more than most other AP exams. The test requires extensive knowledge of many different topics as well as a lot of stamina. Do Students Think AP Biology Is Hard? Personally, I found AP Biology to be one of the most difficult classes I took. There was just so much information to remember. Studying for tests took much longer than it did in any of my other classes, and I still forgot stuff. This coupled with lab assignments made the class extremely challenging. Then again, I didn’t take an introductory bio class before taking AP Biology, and it was my first-ever AP class. It’s a good idea to take a basic biology class beforehand if you have the opportunity so that you get a basic foundation for advanced concepts covered in the AP class. The most common way that students describe AP Biology (based on College Confidential threads) is that it’s very, very memorization-heavy. The test and curriculum were redesigned in 2012 to try and mitigate this a little, but it still covers a ton of conceptually difficult material. Most students take AP Biology their junior or senior year. This makes the claims about the difficulty of the class even more valid. Students have had a chance to adjust to the demands of high school academics and compare their experience in AP Biology to other high-level classes, and they still find it challenging. Since students see AP Biology as a hard class, it’s less likely that unmotivated or unprepared students will take it. This makes the low 5 rate on the test all the more daunting. Your lab assignment is to take this cutie for a walk! If only... Will AP Biology Be Hard for You? Since schools and students are different, I can’t say for sure whether AP Biology will be as hard for you as it might be for other students. To decide whether the class will be a challenge, you should: #1: Ask Reliable Sources About the Class The best way to learn what AP Biology is like at your school is to question people who are familiar with the class or have already taken it. If you know any older students or have siblings, you might ask them what they thought of the class. You can also speak with your current teachers (probably your science teacher is the best person to ask) and see what they say about AP Biology at your school. Since they know your academic abilities and have observed how similar students performed in the class, they might be able to give you a more accurate idea of how hard it will be for you. The same goes for your guidance counselor. He or she is probably very familiar with the grades that students earn in AP Biology and how people have performed on the exam in the past. Your guidance counselor may also be able to give you perspective on how challenging the class will be for you based on the grades you’ve earned in high school thus far. #2: Take Your Academic Strengths and Weaknesses Into Account As I’ve said, AP Biology is memorization-heavy, but it's also important to have a solid understanding of basic science and experimental design to succeed. There's a small mathematical component to the class as well, although it doesn’t go beyond algebra, geometry, and graphing skills. If math and science aren't typically your strong suits, AP Biology may be more difficult for you than it is for some other students. If, on the other hand, you've always done well in these types of classes, you might find AP Biology to be less challenging. Still, AP Biology incorporates skills from many different subject areas. Since there’s a lot of memorization involved, the actual study skills that you need to succeed are somewhat similar to those required in social studies classes. Well-rounded students may actually have the biggest advantage in the class because it draws on skills from a variety of subject areas but requires you to implement them in a scientific (and sometimes mathematical) context. #3: Consider Your Schedule If you have the opportunity to take an introductory biology class before you take AP Biology, you might find the AP class less challenging. You'll also be able to manage AP Biology better if your schedule isn’t loaded up with other difficult, memorization-heavy classes. For example, if you’re thinking about taking AP Biology and a class like AP US History at the same time, you should understand that both classes could end up being more stressful because of the time you’ll have to spend studying the material (which is extensive and complex in both cases). If you take too many intense classes, it can create a perfect storm of stress. Conclusion: So, Is AP Biology Hard? AP Biology is one of the more difficult APs based on its challenging curriculum, the low rate of students who earn 5s on the exam, and the consensus from students on the demanding nature of the class. Ideally, you should take an Intro to Biology class before you take AP Biology so that you’re fully prepared. It's a challenging class for most students, but it should be manageable if you’re aware of what you’re facing. What's Next? Want to get a taste of what you'll be learning in AP Biology? Find out what an enzyme is, what the differences between homologous and analogous structures are, and three tenets of cell theory. If you're already a biology pro, don't sweat- we have a few more in-depth articles for you, too. Review with our articles about the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane and what the photosynthesis equation is. Thinking about signing up for AP Biology? Read this article on how to register for AP classes and exams. You can also check out this article to learn which additional AP classes you should take in high school. Looking for an easier AP class than Biology? Learn which AP classes tend to be the least challenging for students. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

How to protect a home from burglars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to protect a home from burglars - Essay Example Therefore, adoption of appropriate home management ideals and measures by homeowners is critical to ensure adequate protection of property. This paper gives in-depth analysis of home burglary, its causes, effects and prevention measures. Ideally, burglary practices have been in the increasing end with most authorities stating that its prevalence may be detrimental in the end if not addressed. Therefore, authorities have initiated deliberations towards providing sustainable solution to its effects which threaten to paralyze economic growth and prospects of various nations (Wynn 1). In US, crime prevention council has been put in place to develop sufficient modalities towards offering amicable solution to the problem. Similarly, they are charged with mandate to analyze its root causes and to make potential recommendations with security orientation. Evidently, burglary is a vice, which is caused by several factors requiring sufficient solution towards developing societies with sustainable growth prospects. The practice is economically instigated due to high poverty levels and increased desire to fulfill human obligations. According to Gorman unemployment and low income, capacities have immensely catalyzed burglary practices globally. He asserts that burglary cases have proportionately increased at similar margin compared to unemployment rate. This is equivocally attributable to low economic prospects, which cannot support creation of satisfactory jobs for all currently (Fennelly 13). Consequently, peer pressure also enhances individual’s ability to engage in burglary activities through compromised values. Evidently, most friends have influenced their peers into immoral activities, especially individuals of questionable character who always engage in unfair practices. Imperatively, it is important to note that individuals should adequately analyze and understand character traits

Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Policy - Essay Example In essence, externalities are the effects of production or consumption of products and the outcome is passed to the society. However, the society has little to control these externalities. The first positive externality is technological improvement. Some firms have been on the frontline in investing in technology. The firms ensure they have the best technology to assist in production of their products. As such, these products are enhanced to give ultimate services to the people that need them. In such a position the firms are acting as a positive accrual to other firms. Other firms are likely to benefit from this technological improvement (Barr, 45). When there is change in one firm’s technology, the other firms are likely to benchmark this opportunity. As such, they will purchase other machinery that conforms to the stated technology. These industries and firms will have an improved way of producing products and they will extend the positivity to other firms, which are not pa rticularly involved in the production. When there is an improvement in technology, there are various aspects which are improved in the society. For instance, when there is enhancement in technology, it is considered that pollution is likely to reduce. When the pollution is reduced, there are various aspects which are improved in the society. For instance, the society does not feel the pinch of having to inhale clean air. As such, their health status is maintained. This reduces any expenses that are incurred by the society in terms of treatment for complications in their health (Barr, 123). Similarly, it is guaranteed that there will be lower water pollution. As such, the society will have better water services. The water pollution will be reduced in the society, which gives the whole society clean water to use. It is evidently seen that the society did not incur any costs in the acquisition of technology. However, they are getting better water which is clean and hygienic. The same a pplies to the other firms. Initially, the firms did not incur any costs in getting information about the new technology. However, they are now in perfect shape in preventing pollution. A negative externality in production is pollution. Pollution is one of the most threatening aspects in production. During production, many firms exhale and release dirty water and air. This dirty air and water has various effects on the environment. First, dirty air makes the environment unpleasant to live in. This makes the life of other people uncomfortable. When people are not living in a comfortable environment, it is not entertaining. As such, the people will have to make sure they get solutions to these problems that are instigated by pollution from production firms. Apparently, some firms take it as their own initiative to stop pollution. This is an ideal approach in stopping pollution in the world. When all the firms initiate strategies that will reduce pollution, there is a likelihood of havi ng a better environment that is not affected by the negativities of pollution. It is a prudent approach by the governing bodies to ensure that pollution is reduced in the whole world. With technological improvement, scientists have considered that pollution is one of the negative effects in the world (Barr, 65). For instance, pollution is responsible for global warming. The global warming effect has affected many parts of the world and they are looking for strategies of reducing its effects to the world. This creates a scenario

Recognizing Cultural Differences Essay Example for Free

Recognizing Cultural Differences Essay I have worked for Pizza Hut for a total of nine years. This company claims that they are considered an equal opportunity employer. They claim that they follow the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. This means that they cannot and do not discriminate against their employees (current and potential) based on several things: race, gender, religion, or national origin. This commission was set into place on July 2, 1965. Several other protected classes were added later on. These include, age (if the person is over 40), disability, family history, military history, and most recently, sexual orientation (Wikipedia, 2012). Although Pizza Hut does recognize cultural differences amongst their employees as well as their customers, I have seen times where Pizza Hut has faltered. Recognizing Culturally Different Employees Pizza Hut does several things that recognize the cultural differences amongst their employees. The first is that we are closed on Christmas and Thanksgiving days. This not only allows us to spend time with our families, but it also allows us to celebrate the true meaning of these holidays. Our company does not have a Christmas party because we do not want to exclude anyone that does not celebrate these holidays. We do have a couple people who do not. We also have a couple of employees who have had to alter their uniform due to the beliefs that their culture believes in. There are some religions that believe that women should always be in an ankle length skirt. We do have one or two employees that are able to continue to honor this belief, even though our uniform includes black pants. My company also has a variety of different cultures working for us. We have African Americans, Hispanics, Pakistanis, Bulgarians, and whites. To be a part of a crew like this has made for a great educational experience for me and my other co-workers. I learn something new from these cultures almost every day. This company also recognizes the cultural differences amongst our customers. During the religious period, Lent, we offer specials on Fridays for those customers that do not eat meat on Fridays, per Lent. We do have customers that are vegetarian by choice or due to their culture. The way that we accommodate and recognize this is that we make sure that when these types of pizzas are ordered, we cut the pizzas with a clean knife and we change our gloves to make sure there is no cross-contamination. The best way that I have seen our company recognize the differences amongst our employees and our customers is that we take extra special care concerning people with disabilities. We have an employee that has severe attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. As a co-worker as well as a mentor to the new employees, I have set up different types of training modules in order to accommodate for different learning disabilities. This is one thing that I am really proud of. For our district, we have a binder that has different modules of training to help accommodate the employees that have certain learning disabilities. I have had to experience using the general training methods on people who have a hard time learning unless it is done a certain way. I used to get frustrated when they just did not seem to get it. By using the training kits and tools we have now, our company has helped to train employees of all types. Breach of Cultural Awareness As proud as I am to boast about all the good things that my company does to recognize cultural differences, there are some things that I have seen that make me ashamed to say that I work for them. It is not just Pizza Hut, but there are a lot of companies that say they do one thing but they actually do the complete opposite. For example, my store in particular states that we do not discriminate against anyone based on gender. The truth is my boss does to an extent. All members of management are male. Our entire dining room staff is women. To me, I feel like I am being discriminated against due to the fact that I am a woman. I have the qualifications as well as the knowledge to become a member of management. In fact, I have passed all the necessary tests and interviews, but my boss continues to make excuses as to why I have not been promoted yet. Another example of a breach in cultural awareness is one that makes me really ashamed to say I work for this boss. I have heard on several occasions that my boss does not like hiring African Americans. This is something that bothers me a lot because I think that prejudice and racism is completely uncalled for. Recently, we had an applicant come in for an interview and to take the assessment test. He passed the test better than most of our other employees. I was able to observe this interview and was complete appalled by what I saw. My boss did not really interview him like he did me when I got hired. He truly acted like he was not interested in anything that the applicant had to say. In fact, after the interview, my boss told me that he was not going to hire him. He said he was not qualified. I informed him that I thought he would have thought different had he actually listened to him during the interview. He finally told me what his reason was for not wanting to hire him. He said that he does not like to hire African Americans because they are lazy and he has had bad experiences with them as far as work is concerned. This comment angered me to a point where I almost quit because I did not want to work for a company that would allow this type of discrimination. I talked to my area coach about this. After this talk, the applicant was hired and has become an incredibly hard worker. He is actually one of our best. Both of these examples are inappropriate because not only are they against the law, but they are against any moral that I know or believe. It is wrong to discriminate against people for any reason. The classes the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission protect do not identify the type of worker you are. Just because I am a woman does not mean that I am not capable of running the store when my boss is not there. It does not mean that I do not know how to protect myself concerning my safety as well as my fellow employees. The skin color does not depict what type of worker that specific person is. My boss said he had a bad experience with that particular race. This does not mean that the entire race needs to be punished. Conclusion Just because a company says that they follow the law established by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission does not mean that they do. Of course, concerning rule book, they do. Just like case with Pizza Hut, there is always going to be some type of discrimination. Every company has the good things that they do to recognize the differences amongst their employees, but I also believe that there are going to be the blunders as well. Companies have been getting away with blunders for a long time. The blunders seem to be overshadowed by the recognition that the companies give.

Abortion :: essays papers

Abortion Abortion on demand should be legal for many reasons. In countries where abortion is absolutely not tolerated it is a fact that women continue to receive abortions, from unqualified back-street abortionists or the village massage abortionist. Both of these individuals risk putting the woman through painful and potentially fatal tortures just in an attempt to abort a child. Each year 84 000 women die worldwide from failed abortion attempts. Because of anti-abortion legislation women avoid going to the hospital, often until it is too late, to avoid prosecution from police. In the cases of rape and incest the very idea of being forced to have the child of the woman's abuser is repulsive. There are also cases when a woman's health is put in jeopardy by having a child at all, forcing such a woman to bring a child to term, would be no less than attempted murder. If a woman is forced to give birth to a child she does not want, if left in that woman's custody, the child could potentially face hatred and resentment from the mother for the rest of it's life. In countries all over the world, children are found dead and abandoned in places as degrading as garbage dumps. The only effective method of preventing unwanted births is abstinence, and this is just not a realistic objective. There is no 100% effective form of birth control, and even men and women using birth control have unwanted pregnancies. Some women for financial, occupational, social, and maturity reasons, see pregnancy as cessation of their lives. There are no accurate statistics on how many women attempt or succeed in committing suicide each year rather than live with their pregnancies. Women will continue to have abortions with or without government legislation, but with legislation, the conditions under which they have their abortions can be sanctioned and observed. The role of family in abortion is that preservation of family has a profound impact on some women's decision whether or not to have an abortion. Some women have learned to protect and preserve each and every member of her family, including an unborn child. For these women abortion is not even a consideration, but many do live their lives harboring resent towards their husbands and the child for forcing her to have a child she did not necessarily want. Other women see abortion as a necessity to protect the family they already have. Abortion :: essays papers Abortion Abortion on demand should be legal for many reasons. In countries where abortion is absolutely not tolerated it is a fact that women continue to receive abortions, from unqualified back-street abortionists or the village massage abortionist. Both of these individuals risk putting the woman through painful and potentially fatal tortures just in an attempt to abort a child. Each year 84 000 women die worldwide from failed abortion attempts. Because of anti-abortion legislation women avoid going to the hospital, often until it is too late, to avoid prosecution from police. In the cases of rape and incest the very idea of being forced to have the child of the woman's abuser is repulsive. There are also cases when a woman's health is put in jeopardy by having a child at all, forcing such a woman to bring a child to term, would be no less than attempted murder. If a woman is forced to give birth to a child she does not want, if left in that woman's custody, the child could potentially face hatred and resentment from the mother for the rest of it's life. In countries all over the world, children are found dead and abandoned in places as degrading as garbage dumps. The only effective method of preventing unwanted births is abstinence, and this is just not a realistic objective. There is no 100% effective form of birth control, and even men and women using birth control have unwanted pregnancies. Some women for financial, occupational, social, and maturity reasons, see pregnancy as cessation of their lives. There are no accurate statistics on how many women attempt or succeed in committing suicide each year rather than live with their pregnancies. Women will continue to have abortions with or without government legislation, but with legislation, the conditions under which they have their abortions can be sanctioned and observed. The role of family in abortion is that preservation of family has a profound impact on some women's decision whether or not to have an abortion. Some women have learned to protect and preserve each and every member of her family, including an unborn child. For these women abortion is not even a consideration, but many do live their lives harboring resent towards their husbands and the child for forcing her to have a child she did not necessarily want. Other women see abortion as a necessity to protect the family they already have.

Plain language v legalese Essay

There is an ongoing debate over whether legal practitioners should use plain language in legal writing; or whether legal practitioners should carry on with tradition and write in a more lawyerly manner some call â€Å"legalese†. As with any debate, there are two opposing sides and a middle ground. Proponents of plain language believe that since legal documents are read by both legal professionals and laymen, they should be understandable to a wide audience. Proponents of legalese believe that since legal documents are primarily written for an audience of other legal professionals, the traditional style of legal writing is perfectly understood by its intended audience. There is a long history of traditional legal writing law that sounds very important and archaic to the modern ear. Words such as substantiate, elucidate, and notwithstanding are seldom found anywhere outside of a legal document. There are also many phrases that are rarely used outside of a legal document, such as: â€Å"until such time as†; â€Å"render assistance†; â€Å"including but not limited to†; â€Å"owing to the fact that†; and â€Å"in the event thatâ€Å". The use of Latin phrases is common in traditional legal writing. The precise meaning of the phrases is obscure to readers who lack a knowledge of Latin. Latin phrases such as â€Å"habeas corpus†; â€Å"prima facie†; and â€Å"quantum meruit†; are likely widely understood only by legal professionals. Other Latin phrases used in traditional legal writing, such as â€Å"ab initio†; â€Å"de facto†; and â€Å"ex post facto†; might be understood by a well educated audience as well as legal professionals. Boilerplate language is another convention of legal writing. So-called â€Å"boilerplate† language is a grouping of words, sentences, and sometimes lengthy paragraphs that may have meaning beyond their plain meaning. For example, clauses in a property deed for a house contain language that has been parsed, defined, and argued for decades. The precise meaning of each boilerplate clause is related to the definitions and arguments that accompany it. Boilerplate language refers to any language that is always the same and is perceived as standard wording, such as â€Å"standard contract† clauses. The term boilerplate originated in the days of hot metal type. Publishers would use blocks of type that were made to be unchangeable, one sheet of metal printing plate with full paragraphs, clauses, or â€Å"standard† wording on it. These metal sheets resembled a plate on a boiler, and that is how the term came about. (Black’s 1991). Another convention of traditional legal writing is its repetitiveness. Personal pronouns, such as he, she and they; are generally not used. Instead the person’s name is used each time. Or a person’s position in a cause of action, such as defendant, plaintiff, respondent, or petitioner; is used each time. Similarly, the word â€Å"it† is seldom used. Instead the word for the thing or the word for the idea is used each time. Descriptive phrases in traditional legal writing are also confined to the same descriptive phrase each time. For example, words used to describe a vehicle would always be the same words each time they appeared in the same legal document. A red pickup truck would always be referred to as just that, â€Å"a red pickup truck†. The descriptive words would not be changed to â€Å"a Ford truck† even though the descriptive phrase could just as easily describe the same vehicle. â€Å"Plain language† is a phrase that defies definition. Like defining art or pornography, a prevalent attitude is that there is no encompassing definition, but we know it when we see it. Would it be fair to say that plain language is language that most people easily understand? That question begs for the next question, who is â€Å"most† people; and what is their level of understanding? So, then when we speak of plain language in legal writing, does that mean at a reading level that all or most adults can comprehend? Does plain language in legal writing mean only college educated adults? According to the most recent National Adult Literacy Study: â€Å"The National Literacy Survey shows that the average adult in the U. S. reads at the 7th grade level, with nearly 50% below the 6th grade level and over 80% below the 10th grade level. † (DuBay, 2004). So does that mean that plain language in legal writing should be written at a 7th grade reading level? In 1969 Harry McLaughlin devised the SMOG readability formula and it is still commonly used today. To use McLaughlin’s formula â€Å"count the words of three or more syllables in three ten sentence samples, estimate the square root, and add three. † The number generated is the readability score which corresponds to the reading grade level at which the paper could be read and understood. There is a deviation of plus or minus 1. 5. On his website, McLaughlin offers a readability calculator, just copy and paste any document into the box, and the calculator generates a readability score for that document. I plugged in one page of this paper and a score of 17. 34 was given. Since my intended audience is my professor and my academic colleagues, I believe this is an appropriate level of writing. (McLaughlin, 2008). Plain language, most simply defined, has to be just that, readable for the widest possible audience. Plain language does not seem to rely on multi-syllabic words when a shorter word will do. Words such as substantiate, elucidate, and notwithstanding can be replaced with prove, despite and clarify, respectively. Some common phrases used in traditional legal writing have a concise plain language substitute. In the event that† translates easily to â€Å"if. â€Å"Until such time as† means â€Å"when†. Plain language in the context of legal writing means using a translation of the Latin word or phrase, rather than the more scholarly sounding Latin. Proponents of maintaining a traditional style of legal writing believe that continuing to use the traditional con ventions, Latin phrases, and boilerplate language preserves legal culture. The use of Latin phrases adds a certain panache to writing, and some of the Latin does not translate very well. Few individuals outside of the legal profession will ever read a Supreme Court opinion. The process of legal argument, legal reasoning and legal writing are so intertwined that it becomes impossible to express legal opinion except in traditional legalese. In fact, for attorneys the use of traditional legal writing is more efficient because it is most commonly used; therefore, most commonly understood; understood by attorneys that is. The conventions and tradition in legal writing are much more than meaningless archaic language. Legal documents are written for specific legal situations. Sometimes legal language is purposely broad and imprecise so that unknown and unforeseeable future circumstances may somehow be addressed. Other wording is precise and well defined to clearly define the expectation of both parties, like the wording in a contract. A contract may have many clauses and if they can be simplified by using traditional standard language then all the better. It is after all, attorneys, communicating with attorneys. (Bast, 1995). Many attorneys choose to use published forms as the basis for contracts because they can easily be adapted to a specific client and situation. These attorneys believe that it is too time consuming for them and expensive for their clients to write a complete contract for each client and each situation. For example, in a contract a saving clause, also called a severability clause, allows the contract to remain in effect even if one or more of the provisions of the contract is breached or is found to be unenforceable. (Bast, 1995). This clause may or may not be written in plain language, but the meaning is the same. Attorneys reading other attorneys’ contracts easily grasp the intent and meaning of contract clauses, whether the language is standard legalese or written for a mass audience as long as the wording is precise. If the legal language found in a contract is familiar and precise attorneys can save themselves time and effort. And they can save their clients money, because they have no reason to analyze or parse out each word or clause, the meaning, to them is clear. Proponents of traditional legal writing style also assert that the repetitiveness in legal documents is necessary. While other types of writing demand variation of word choice to describe an object, person, or event, legal writing demands consistency in word choice. This consistency provides clarity and precision. There can be no question as to who â€Å"they† refers to in a legal document, when the word â€Å"they† does not ever appear at all. Proponents of plain language in legal writing claim that much of so-called traditional legalese is nothing but gobbledygook. Legalese is jargon and is used to obscure meaning. Webster’s Dictionary defines jargon as â€Å"confused, unintelligible talk; the special speech or vocabulary of a class, as of technicians, artists, thieves. † (Webster, 1987). In fact, the purpose of jargon among members of a group is to communicate among themselves without being understood by outsiders. Police and criminals each have their own jargon, hoping the other will not understand them. The goal of jargon among legal professionals is so that the public will not understand the law. If the public cannot understand the law because the public cannot understand the legal terminology then the public has no choice but to seek legal advice to interpret every legal document. So, legalese is very important to attorneys as job security. The most compelling argument in favor of plain language in legal writing is that consumers often sign legal documents in the course of their everyday lives. Nearly every agreement that a consumer enters into is bound by a written contract. If that contract is unintelligible, then the consumer’s rights are at risk. Consumers enter all types of contracts, including cell phone contracts, mortgages, and insurance. Laws and ordinances also have impact on people’s lives. It is popular to say that ignorance of the law is no excuse. However, laws are passed at a dizzying rate, and in truth most of us, including attorneys, are ignorant of many laws that might affect us. If we can comprehend the meaning of a law, we have a much better chance of following the law. And if we can understand a proposed law on the ballot we have a better chance of voting appropriately. Many states have gone so far as to legislate plain language in legal writing. In Florida, property insurance policies must be written in plain language. In California, they have legislated the use of plain language this way: Section 6215 of the California Government Code states: â€Å"Each department, commission, office or other administrative agency of state government shall write each document which it produces in plain, straightforward language, avoiding technical terms as much as possible, and using a coherent and easily readable style. † When it comes to personal safety, plain language is even more important. After a series of studies found that the improper use of child-safety seats was the leading risk factor in fatal injury to children in car accidents, two public health officials began to investigate. Dr. Mark Wegner and Deborah Girasek suspected that there might be a relationship between the improper use of the child-safety seats and the installation instructions. The pair analyzed the readability of the instructions of 107 different child-safety seats and published their findings in the medical journal â€Å"Pediatrics†. The team found that the installation instructions that came along with most of the child-safety seats were written at the 10th grade level. Far higher than the national average reading level of 7th grade, and much higher than the 5th to 6th grade level recommended for health related writing for consumers. This type of safety instruction is not legal writing per se. However, product liability is strict liability. And, if the safety instructions on a product are unintelligible they might as well be non-existent. Manufacturers risk substantial loss in tort actions if their product’s safety notifications are useless. In a letter to Senator Bob Bennett dated September 17, 2008, Ruth Anne Robbins, president of the Legal Writing Institute wrote: â€Å"Bureaucratic legal writing, including government writing, has long been difficult to read. It is convoluted and dense. Even those of us who are legal writing professors are challenged by it – and it is challenging for us to teach our law students how to properly read and interpret it. The government would benefit from paying more concern to the efficacy and readability of its communications. We teach our students to be reader-friendly rather than writer-centered. Unfortunately, government documents are too often writer-oriented rather than reader-oriented. † (Robbins, 2008). Since I believe that the purpose of writing is communication, not obfuscation, I support plain language in legal writing. The world today is a complicated place, and there is no reason to make it even more difficult to navigate than it needs to be. Whenever possible precision should be chosen over vagueness. When crafting wording for legislation, lawmakers should be careful to choose words that as clearly as possible show the intent of each law. Judges at all levels should strive to write their court opinions clearly and concisely. Laws and court opinions will always be subjected to interpretation, and that is one of the things that makes our country great. But, the interpretation of laws should be directed towards applying laws and opinions to a changing world, rather than trying to understand the original intent of those laws and opinions. There is no mention of the right to privacy anywhere in the U. S. Constitution. Justice William O. Douglas, in his landmark Supreme Court opinion , Griswold v Connecticut, (1965) wrote that our right to privacy is a constitutional right, and that right is included in the penumbra of rights emanating from the specific guarantees of the constitution. This type of expansion of personal freedoms is, in my opinion, the best and highest use of legal reasoning. The cumbersome challenge of interpreting obscure and arcane legalese is intellectual quicksand, and to be avoided at every opportunity.

Culture and Anthropologists Essay

The problems that faced by anthropologists in the fieldwork are adaptation to new culture, maintain objectivism and get access to all information from their subjects. Adaptation to new culture is hard, since they have to stay for a period of time and try to live in the way their subjects’ do. Adaptation that done by anthropologists is not only adapt new lifestyle, but also learning their cultural norms and language in order to be accepeted by their subjects as a part of them, not only as a foreigner. For instance, M. N. Srinivas was got disapproval for shaving before bath since in that community, people are shaving after bath (Srinivas, 2002). However, by adapting the culture, anthropologists not only gain knowledge about how the culture is, but they will have better understanding on the culture. Knowing why do people in certain culture do certain activity, how the culture has impacted the people on that community and the historical of the culture as well. On top of that, a better understanding of the culture may assist the anthropologists to produce an unbiased ethnography by avoiding ethnocentrism. Having different cultures, people tend to make a comparison among the culture. It could be inevitable when living with people with different cultures in which values, norms and behavioural acceptance are in different manner. This objectivism is needed when anthropologists faced problem with what they observe. Remain objective could be a bit hard when the anthropologists have an emotional involvement on problems that their subjects’ face. For example, when Claire did the observation on prostitutes lifestyle and have emotional pressure, at some point she need to out from the field, so that her objectivism is remain stable (Sterk, 2009). Other than avoiding ethnocentrism, maintaining objectivism is also required to build a good relationship with their subjects. By the example on what Claire done, the thing that can be learned is anthropologists should not interfere too much on their subjects’ life, and also anthropologists should be able to set a boundaries to limit to what extend they can emotionally interfere with their subjects (Sterk, 2009). The other problem that faced the most by anthropologists is get access to all information from their subjects. In order to find the respondents, anthropologists need to show their respects to gain trust from the leader of that community. The importance of key respondents is to open a path to ommunicate with other members in that community to get more perception of how the norms and culture affect their life. However, the problem is, sometimes anthropologists wrongly identify the key repondents. According to Calire E. Sterk (2009), anthropologists need to be able to find the right person as their key respondents, if not, then the access to information is too narrow, which could cause misinterp retation on the data. For instance, during fieldwork in Rampura village, M. N. Srinivas observed a community that led by a headman that very strict on cultural rules(Srinivas 2009). The headman always watch whatever Srinivas did and limited the access to the members of that community , till the time when he realize that there are two faction and apparently the second faction is more open to foreigners than the first faction (Srinivas, 2009). By reading this case, there is something that can be a learning experience which is before anthropologists do participant observation, they need to know how is the structure of that society, what are the cultural values, norms and belief that they believe in and the most important thing is to know what are motivations to do such a cultural activities and how they do it.

mardi gras essays

mardi gras essays People of all colors in the streets of New Orleans celebrating a religious holiday of Christianity. Non-Christians, Christians, everyone is there, jumping to the beat of the Jazzy show tunes that are played on the street of St. Charles. The floats pass with the throwing of mouth watering bayou candies from deep in the New Orleans culture. Liquor is passed, and the streets have a distinct smell of vomit, but every Cajun man has a mile wide grin on his face. The dancers work the crowd with the expensive costumes that are made mostly of silk and feathers...prancing around as the drum beats behind them. The crowd begins to move up and down, trying to get in the grove of the party. Cabbage is thrown at heads of the audience and are barely dodged with a quick jerk of the neck. The beads are thrown every which way while the crowd rips through the crowd to finish the Mardi Gras collection. People of all ages join in this glorious day of food, drink, family, and friends. ...

About Eileen Gray, Furniture Designer and Architect

About Eileen Gray, Furniture Designer and Architect In some circles, Irish-born Eileen Gray is the figurative poster-child for the 20th century woman whose work is dismissed by a male-dominated culture. These days, her pioneering designs are revered. The New York Times claims that Gray is now regarded as one of the most influential architects and furniture designers of the last century. Background: Born: August 9, 1878 in County Wexford, Ireland Full Name: Kathleen Eileen Moray Gray Died: October 31, 1976 in Paris, France Education: Painting classes at the Slade School of Fine ArtAcadà ©mie JulianAcadà ©mie Colarossi Home Furnishing Designs: Eileen Gray may be best known for her furniture designs, beginning her career as a lacquer artist.   In her lacquer work and carpets,   writes the National Museum of Ireland, she took traditional crafts and combined them in a radical manner with the principles of Fauvism, Cubism and De  Stijl. The museum goes on to claim that Gray was the first designer to work in chrome, and was working with tubular steel at the same time as Marcel Breuer. Aram Designs Ltd. of London licenses Gray reproductions. Bibendum chairBonaparte ChairNonconformist ChairAdjustable Table E 1027Art Deco Lacquer ScreensEileen Gray Blue Marine RugDollhouse Miniature 1:12 Scale Eileen Gray Dragon Chair In 2009, Christies auction house estimated that a chair designed by the feminist architect and designer would fetch about $3,000 at auction. Grays dragon armchair, Fauteuil aux Dragons, set a record, selling for over $28 million. Grays Dragon Chair is so famous that it has become a dollhouse miniature. See more Gray designs on the Aram website at www.eileengray.co.uk/ Building Design: In the early 1920s, Romanian architect Jean Badovici (1893-1956) encouraged Eileen Gray to begin designing small houses. 1927: E1027- Collaborated with Jean Badovici on Maison en bord de mer E-1027, Roquebrune Cap Martin, on the Mediterranean Sea in southern France1932: Tempe Pailla, near Menton, France1954: Lou Pà ©rou, near Saint-Tropez, France The future projects light, the past only clouds.- Eileen Gray About E1027: The alpha-numeric code symbolically wraps Eileen Gray (the E and 7th letter of the alphabet, G) around 10-2- the tenth and second letters of the alphabet, J and B, which stand for Jean Badovici. As lovers, they shared the summer retreat that Gray called E-10-2-7. Modernist architect Le Corbusier famously painted and drew murals on the interior walls of E1027, without Grays permission. The film The Price of Desire (2014) tells the story of these modernists. Eileen Grays Legacy: Working with geometric forms, Eileen Gray created plush furniture designs in steel and leather. Many Art Deco and Bauhaus architects and designers found inspiration in Grays unique style. Todays artists, too, write extensively about Grays influence. Canadian designer Lindsay Brown has commented on Eileen Gray’s E-1027 house, an astute review with photographs of Grays maison en bord de mer. Brown suggests that Corbusier had something to do with Grays obscurity. Marco Orsinis documentary Gray Matters (2014) examines Grays body of work, making the case that Gray matters as an influence in the design world. The films focus is on Grays architecture and designs, including her modernist house, E-1027, in the south of France and the furnishings of the house for herself and her Romanian lover, the architect Jean Badovici.   The E1027 story is now widely known and taught in architectural schools, as emblematic of the sexual politics of modern architecture, claims reviewer Rowan Moore in The Guardian. A ongoing faithful community of Eileen Gray devotees and like-minded nonconformists stay in touch on Facebook. Learn More: Eileen Gray by Caroline Constant, Phaidon Press, 2000Eileen Gray, Freed From Seclusion by Alice Rawsthorn, The New York Times, February 24, 2013Eileen Grays E1027 – review by Rowan Moore, The Observer, Guardian News and Media, June 29, 2013Eileen Gray: Objects and Furniture Design by Architects Series, 2013Eileen Gray: Her Work and Her World by Jennifer Goff, Irish Academic Press, 2015Eileen Gray: Her Life and Work by Peter Adam, 2010 Sources: Sale 1209 Lot 276, Christies; Eileen Grays E1027 – review by Rowan Moore, The Guardian, June 29, 2013 [accessed September 28, 2014]; National Museum of Ireland - Eileen Gray Exhibition Details at www.museum.ie/en/exhibition/list/eileen-gray-exhibition-details.aspx?gclidCjwKEAjwovytBRCdxtyKqfL5nUISJACaugG1QlwuEClYPsOe_OJUokXAyYDHhBdpv5lpG5rQ5cW8ChoCppvw_wcB; Eileen Gray quotation from London Design Journal [accessed August 3, 2015]

Abortion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Abortion - Assignment Example However, the main contention arises in an unusual circumstance, for example, when the mother’s life is at risk because of pregnancy condition or a pregnancy resulting from rape. These two scenarios develop a challenge on the first premise because it becomes difficult to measure and uphold the mother‘s right to life or that of the foetus. It follows that the child is considered as being innocent and the innocent life should not be terminated. Contrariwise, the mother’s life is at jeopardy and not committing abortion would not result in direct murder. This the author argues as a fallacious point due the risk the unborn child poses to the mother and in such a circumstance, abortion should be permitted. The second scenario arises when a woman is raped and in that instance, the pregnancy is not a result of self-will (Thomson 122). The pregnancy exists without the consent of the mother and abortion should be allowed according to the wishes of the mother. Nonetheless, in circumstances where the mother’s life is not at risk and the pregnancy occurred with the consent of the mother, abortion should not be allowed. The first argument fronted by Warren touches on the number of deaths recorded in instances where women procure illegal abortions. Illegal and informal abortions pose a great threat to the life of the mother and a threat to the society that loses its members. It is direct that pregnancies resulting from rape and incidents of unwanted pregnancies, abortion is a solution because the woman was not in control of the predicament she faces. However, in other circumstances the woman has the ability of avoiding pregnancy, but fails due to the lack of using contraceptives or the utter failure of contraceptives taken religiously. This circumstances result in unwanted pregnancies and the woman should not be forced to carry and take responsibility of a supposed person they lack any level of obligation (Thomson 128). The author argues based on rights

Swedish Daddies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Swedish Daddies - Research Paper Example In fact, contemporary American society distinguishes people who seek only for success in career and those who want to become successful in their company but not to sacrifice their family life for this aim. As Shaw (2013) assumes, this situation is â€Å"one continuing source of frustration† (p. 351) for women. Each female worker inevitably faces dilemma of her development in the company, because choosing both career and family is much harder than dedicating all the lifetime to career. One of the reasons for this situation is absence of guaranteed maternity leave that helps mothers to dedicate enough time to their newborns, and then return to work in a company. Another reason is that companies force women to choose between career and family even during their job interviews. Finally, there is no paternity-leave law in America, which will put men in the same situation as women currently are. In short, it is hard to balance between career and family in America. 2/ In my opinion, United States should require companies to provide paid maternity leave. As I mentioned above, absence of paid guarantee from company for mothers is one of the main reasons why it is hard for contemporary female workers to choose balancing between career and family life. In other words, women do not feel their financial independence in case they give birth to a child. On the contrary, they have to take care of their babies (which takes all of their time) and realize they have to find the way to earn money at the same time. This is the reason why it is common to say, â€Å"Women are just men with less money† (Shaw, 2013, p. 351). In practice, women may find jobs with flexible hours, but they commonly earn less money for these activities (Shaw, 2013, p. 351). In fact, it is not right, because woman with a child obviously needs more money than a lonely woman does. At the same time, company is not ready to pay for the time woman does not

Over-education In the Ggaduate Labour Market Case Study Of UK Market Essay

Over-education In the Ggaduate Labour Market Case Study Of UK Market - Essay Example This essay declares that there are various reasons that signify why policy maker needs to concern about the fact of over-education especially in recent time. Majority of the worker are leaving their jobs due to lack of job satisfaction and this imposes huge waste on the government. In order to remove the incidence of over-education problem, government, and other policy makers are trying to modify the UK’s labour market structure. They have already started to relate qualification of the future worker with the changing requirements of labour market. The literature on over-education shows that there was an unfavourable effect of the over-education issues on wage. The over educated people deserve higher wage than what they are actually paid. This paper has tried to evaluate the implication of over-education problem among the graduate in the UK’s labour market. Over-education has an impact on both wages and job satisfaction. In order to eliminate or reduce the consequence of over-education problem, the policy maker needs to become more concerned about the problem. In this context, several policies can be suggested here. The government needs to increase the effectiveness of their strategies for creating skill-based jobs and improve the condition of the job market. Further, policy makers can advice workers on the labour market to choose their career option according to their qualifications. In this way, government can take future steps to eliminate the issues of over-education problem.

Causes And Effects Of Global Financial Crisis Economics Essay

Causes And Effects Of Global Financial Crisis Economics Essay Financial crisis is defined as a situation characterized by severe disruptions in the value of financial institutions assets, their access to funding or their clients trust, to the point of endangering the financial systems sustainability (Argandona 2009). This essay will discuss the various likely causes of Global financial crisis and the preventive measures that the UK government could take to avoid or diminish the threats of another crisis. Global economic crisis of 2008 resulted due to some fundamental and undesirable changes that took place in the efficient use of resources in America (Davis 2009, p. 1). According to Davis (2009), some changes that could be easily perceived were breakdown of information technology and the ever increasing globalization across the world. He has discussed in his article, the consequences of emergence of Post Industrial Society in US which led to an increase in unemployment as the largest employers shifted from manufacturing organizations to service industry which later contributed as a cause of credit crunch. The essay will first place the possible causes that led to the downturn in the financial position of the various economies across the world and finally it will talk about the methods that UK government can adopt to prevent itself from the hazards of next financial crisis. The essay concludes that while some countries were largely affected by the impact of crisis in 2008, there remain few countries that managed to overcome the shock and survived because of their policies and the best possible steps taken by them. The IMF remains bedeviled by philosophical disputes about the scale and scope of its lending and crisis related activities. These disputes distract the institution from its role as a global lender of final resort.(Truman 2006b, p. 532) Truman (2008) says that at the time of unfolding of economic crisis, members of International Monetary Fund failed to provide any kind of assistance to the economies that required a short term need for external liquid resources. According to him, one of the various possible causes was macroeconomic policies of several countries across the world that jointly holds the responsibility to a great extent for the crisis. He further commented that easy monetary policies and fiscal policies of countries like US, Japan and others reduced the savings rate of these countries and distorted the balance of the financial system and led to a soaring of global credit and elevated the price of houses. Collateralized debt obligations are bonds ultimately backed by bundle s of loans such as subprime mortgages.(Davis 2009, p. 103) Financial institutions had a good amount of money in the form of foreign exchange reserves so it started lending money to everyone at a very low interest rate (Truman 2008, p. 23) and also to the people who had no capacity to return it back, that is, subprime mortgages came into picture (Davis 2009). After a certain period, when the supply started exceeding demand, housing prices in US began to drop, mortgage holders found that the price or value of their house was less than what they were owing to the banks and so they started defaulting in high numbers and a rise in foreclosures was observed. Emergence of post industrial society, i.e. a shift from manufacturing to service industry in US led to large unemployment. In an effort to improve productivity, companies started cutting down on labour and ultimately small number of skilled labours were left. So the competition for skilled labour increased. With the materialization of defined contribution pension plan, the incentive to stick to a particular company came to an end. And employees started moving from one company to another. This new plan of pension fund led to the growth of mutual fund industry (Davis 2009, p. 31) which resulted in decline in employee attachment with the company and increased participation by financial institutions through mutual funds. Securitization [altered the traditional pattern of banking by] turning assets into securities traded on markets (Davis 2009, p. 35). This way of banking allows the bank to lend more amount of money. One form of securitization was mortgage backed bonds (Davis 2009, p. 35). Deboer (2008, p. 5) says that any commercial bank must have approximately 10% of the total amount of loan issued by it, in its capital assets. Many financial bodies issued mortgage-backed financial derivatives and eventually when the housing prices started falling, the value of mortgage backed securities declined too which in turn started making them bankrupt. Realizing this, banks started issuing small number and small quantity of loans. This strapped the credit situation tightly and thus housing prices started narrowing further. In Eastern Europe, the major reason behind the crisis was short term borrowings (Aslund 2009) from many European banks in large amounts because of the security and safety offered by so many countries in Europe by setting a fixed exchange rate. This led to inflation of prices because high amount of money was flowing in. Also the countries like Ukraine started importing goods on high scale and thus fell short of balance payment it owed to other countries. Lack of administration and regulation of the financial sector is another cause identified by Truman (2008, p.24). He says that the overleveraging of the financial system took place gradually in an exponential rising manner over several years, where poor supervision of the policymakers and the others responsible praised the incredible growth of the economy in its early years when the signs of inflation were not noteworthy. After a period of time, (Truman 2008, p. 24) when the financial institutions were left with no money and had no capacity to fund any further investment, the formation distorted and deleveraging began. He believes that another possible reason that might have had altered the market structure was the poorly understood risk associated with the innovations in the formation of new policies in the financial institutions. Bergsten (2008) says that countries like UK should adopt an economic expansion programme to avoid or surpass the effect of next possible financial crisis. Such programme would involve an effort to increase the domestic demand and thus causing an expansion of the trade in between countries. It also involves reducing the restrictions of trade on the border and inside the country as well. He says the most positive step the leaders of the G-20 could take would be to pledge to adopt fiscal stimulus programs amounting to at least 1 to 2 percent of most of their national economies. Leaders should try to think something creative rather than blaming each other for the crisis. Bergsten (2008) suggests that UK along with other countries must assure a support of at least $500 billion each to enhance the resources of IMF (International Monetary Fund) so that it will accumulate good amount of wealth and pledge to support UK as well as other countries at the time of crisis. He also suggests that an efficient working group needs to be formed within the countries to analyse and supervise financial regulations closely. Financial stability report from Bank of England (2009) states that banks should have sufficient amount of liquid assets to lessen its dependence on short term borrowings for funding non liquid assets. The Tripartite Committee comprising of the Bank of England, FSA (Financial Services Authority) and the treasury was held responsible for the crisis of 2008 by the staff of politics.co.uk (2009) in a report. They say that the Bank of England should be held accountable for macro-economic supervision instead of FSA and that all the three should know their exact roles and responsibilities. The report also suggests steps like developing policies to suppress fluctuations in financial conditions, assigning British authorities to constantly monitor UK branches of multinational banks so that if any new policy is formed by them which might affect the financial status of the co untry in future can be clogged at the right time, increasing the regulations about the capital assets requirement for the bank so that it properly assesses the loan borrower and grant it to him only if he can afford to pay it back. Bergsten (2008) has put forward the idea of a joint work or supervision of the FSA and the Bank. He feels that it would be effective if FSA concentrates on the conduction of the business and Bank focuses on the systemic issues. Amato (2009) expresses his views saying that assets whose value could not be determined were given triple-A ratings by the rating agencies and thus attracted more investors so UK government must ensure that banks dont over rely on the credit ratings (Bank of England 2009). Amato (2009) says protectionism should be removed so that all the companies across the world can trade easily and freely in other countries without any barriers. Recapitalization scheme has been undertaken by UK banks deliberately to raise capital to provide it w ith ample amount of insurance against future threats of crisis. (Bank of England, 2008) CONCLUSION Looking at the various causes, we can conclude that there were different reasons for crisis in different parts of the world. If a country forms strong policies and takes decisions that would be beneficial in the long run, then it might be able to protect itself from the adverse consequences of financial instability. Amato (2009) says that a country needs to form policies keeping in mind not only the benefit of its domestic market but also of the whole world. All the countries should cooperate at the international level and support IMF by all means. Countries like China, Malaysia and some Islamic countries were least affected by crisis because of their strong policies, good supervision and regulations, ability to predict or identify financial fluctuations in advance and resistance to outside worlds financial imbalance. The world has lot to learn from these countries.